constitution of 1791

It abolished many “institutions which were injurious to liberty and equality of rights”. Passage from the dominant religion to any other confession is forbidden under penalties of apostasy. 1 938. It was the job of this committee to sort it out. The Constitutional Committee proposed a bicameral legislature, but the motion was defeated 10 September 1789 (849–89) in favor of one house; the next day, they proposed an absolute veto, but were again defeated (673–325) in favor of a suspensive veto, which could be over-ridden by three consecutive legislatures. Taken from Memoirs Relating to the French Revolution by the Marquis de Bouille, Cadell and Davies, London (1797) p268. 4. An Act to repeal certain Parts of an Act, passed in the fourteenth Year of his Majesty’s Reign, intituled, An Act for making more effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec, in North America; and to make further Provision for the Government of the said Province . Drafting process; Early efforts; New Constitutional Committee; Committee of Revisions [1] The Declaration offered sweeping generalizations about rights, liberty, and sovereignty.[2]. This site is created and maintained by Alpha History. Even as the constitution was being finalised, it was being overtaken by the events of the revolution. Concurrent world events appeared to have been opportune for the reformers. One of the basic precepts of the revolution was adopting constitutionality and establishing popular sovereignty. In France in 1789-90, the National Constituent Assembly remained wedded to the idea of a constitutional monarchy. This implied that the king’s power emanated from the people and the law, not from divine right or national sovereignty. In June 1791, the king and his family stole away from the Tuileries and fled Paris; they were detained at Varennes the following morning. After the 1946 anti-communist student demonstrations, it lost support with the authorities of the People's Republic of Poland, who replaced it with May 1 Labor Day celebrations. For instance, the Marquis de Lafayette proposed a combination of the American and British systems, introducing a bicameral parliament, with the king having the suspensive veto power over the legislature, modeled to the authority then recently vested in the President of the United States. This group, which included Mounier and the Marquis de Lafayette, was dubbed the Monarchiens or ‘English faction’. The new French Government started using it after the French Revolution. An opportunity for reform occurred during the "Great Sejm"—also called the "Four-Year Sejm"—of 1788–92, which began on 6 October 1788 with 181 deputies. Britain, to cite one example, had no written constitution. The Constitution of 1791 National Assembly: HistoryWiz Primary Source. The French revolutionaries had before them a working model of a national constitution. The National Assembly wanted to reorganize social structure and legalize itself: while born of the Estates General of 1789, it had abolished the tricameral structure of that body. (11) 22.In relation to the Constitution of the Senate Canada shall be deemed to consist of Four Divisions: 1. The process was a long and difficult one, hampered by differences of opinion, growing radicalism and the events of 1789-91. By the same token, representative democracy weakened the king’s executive authority. A second group wanted a strong unicameral (single-chamber) legislature and a monarchy with very limited power. With Prussia proposing an alliance with the Poles (signed in 1790) and Austria becoming preoccupied with the French Revolution, the so-called… Also known as the Canada Act, it divided the Province of Quebec into Upper Canada and Lower Canada. the National Assembly had declared that it would They completed their task in 1791. by these moderate revolutionaries declared France to be a constitutional monarchy. Inasmuch as that same holy faith bids us love our neighbors, we owe to all persons, of whatever persuasion, peace in their faith and the protection of the government, and therefore we guarantee freedom to all rites and religions in the Polish lands, in accordance with the laws of the land. I have sworn to maintain the constitution, wars and all, and I am determined to keep my oath. 3. 1. May 3rd was first declared a holiday (May 3rd Constitution Day — Święto Konstytucji 3 Maja) on May 5, 1791. Voting rights were restricted to ‘active citizens’, i.e. The Constitutional Act, 1791. He could deny assent to bills and withhold this assent for up to five years. But this idea that political power would sort itself out over time was not acceptable to Enlightenment philosophers. 31 Geo. Effectiveness . : veto, suspensive or absolute) and what form would the legislature take (i.e. 411. The task of writing this Constitution was given to the newly-formed National Assembly which, full of idealism had little political experience, none as a national body. The Constitution of 1791 was passed in September but it had been fatally compromised by the king’s betrayal. The three colonies were Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and the Province of Canada (which was divided into Ontario and Quebec). 21. French Revolution memory quiz – events 1789-91, French Revolution memory quiz – events 1792-95, French Revolution memory quiz – events to 1788, French Revolution memory quiz – terms (I), French Revolution memory quiz – terms (II), French Revolution memory quiz – terms (III). On a local level, the previous feudal geographic divisions were formally abolished, and the territory of the French state was divided into several administrative units, Departments (Départements), but with the principle of centralism. Contents. The Assembly's belief in a sovereign nation and in equal representation can be seen in the constitutional separation of powers. 2. You are right to celebrate this day as a national holiday because, at the time when your Constitution of 1791 was drawn up, it was a model of enlightened political thought. The short-lived French Constitution of 1791 was the first written constitution in France, created after the collapse of the absolute monarchy of the Ancien Régime.One of the basic precepts of the revolution was adopting constitutionality and establishing popular sovereignty.. The constitution retitled Louis XVI as “King of the French”, granted him a reduced civil list, allowed him to select and appoint ministers and gave him suspensive veto power. A more pressing question was whether he would have the power to block laws passed by the legislature. 5. Within this new government, all legislative powers went One of the basic precepts of the revolution was adopting constitutionality and establishing popular sovereignty. The National Assembly was the legislative body, the king and royal ministers made up the executive branch and the judiciary was independent of the other two branches. One faction favoured a bicameral (double chamber) legislature and the retention of strong executive powers for the king, including an absolute veto. They would have extended voting rights to around 4.3 million Frenchmen. Quadrige/PUF, Paris: 2005. Rupert’s Land was acquired in 1870. Their desire for a constitution was a product of the Enlightenmen and the American Revolution. YouTube Encyclopedic. The short-lived French Constitution of 1791 was the first written constitution in France, created after the collapse of the absolute monarchy of the Ancien Régime. The Western Provinces of Manitoba, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and Alberta; which Four Divisions shall (subject to the Provisions of this Act) be equally r… Copyright: The content on this page may not be republished without our express permission. An Act for the Union of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, and the Government thereof; and for Purposes connected therewith (29th March 1867) But a local official along the route recognized Louis; the alarm was sent ahead, and a detachment of troops forced the royal party to make a hot, dusty, dispirited journey back to Paris. The committee became very important in the days after the Champs de Mars Massacre, when a wave of revulsion against popular movements swept France and resulted in a renewed effort to preserve powers for the Crown. The main controversies early on surrounded the issues of what level of power to be granted to the king of France (i.e. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, adopted on 26 August 1789 eventually became the preamble of the constitution adopted on 3 September 1791. ‘Active citizens’ were males over the age of 25 who paid annual taxes equivalent to at least three days’ wages. The franchise was to restrict the active citizens who paid minimal sums in taxes (66%) adult men had right to vote. The king was granted a civil list of 25 million livres, a reduction of around 20 million livres on his spending before the revolution. The Assembly delegated the task of drafting the constitution to a special constitutional committee. 282–83. The structures and power of government were shaped and limited by internal forces and events – if they were limited at all. When the King used his veto powers to protect non-juring priests and refused to raise militias in defense of the revolutionary government, the constitutional monarchy proved unworkable and was effectively ended by the 10 August insurrection. Its task was to do much of the drafting of the articles of the constitution. In today’s world, where universal suffrage is the norm, this seems grossly unfair – but property restrictions on voting were quite common in 18th century Europe. Much of that region became Canada’s first territory, the Northwest Territories, which … May 3rd lost its leg… This document established a constitutional monarchy and incorporated several political ideas from the Enlightenment. 3. The other feature of the Constitution of 1791 was the revised role of the king. The Monarchiens, most notably Honore Mirabeau, argued for the king to be granted an absolute veto, the executive right to block any legislation. As Simon Schama has pointed out, many of the members of the Constitutional Committee were themselves members of nobility, many of whom would later face execution [3]. III, c. 31 (U.K.) An Act to repeal certain Parts of an Act, passed in the fourteenth Year of his Majesty's Reign, intituled, An Act for making more effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec, in North America; and to make further Provision for the Government of the said Province. Constitution Of 1791 The Constitution of 1791 was created by the national assembly, sovereignty effectively resided the legislative assembly. Pertue, M. "Constitution de 1791," in Soboul, Ed., "Dictionnaire historique de la Revolution francaise," pp. Among the members of the constitutional committee were Charles de Talleyrand, Bishop of Autun; the radical Bretonist Isaac le Chapelier; the conservative lawyer Jean-Joseph Mounier; and Emmanuel Sieyès, author of What is the Third Estate? It was, in effect, a property qualification on voting rights. The king was granted a civil list of 25 million livres, a reduction of around 20 million livres on his spending before the revolution. With the onset of war and the threat of the revolution's collapse, radical Jacobin and ultimately republican conceptions grew enormously in popularity, increasing the influence of Robespierre, Danton, Marat and the Paris Commune. Authors: Jennifer Llewellyn, Steve Thompson Keith M. Baker writes in his essay “Constitution” that the National Assembly threaded between two options when drafting the Constitution: they could modify the existing, unwritten constitution centered on the three estates of the Estates General or they could start over and rewrite it completely. Citation information Because the National Assembly was both a legislature and a constitutional convention, it was not always clear when its decrees were constitutional articles or mere statutes. Dec. 2, 2020. The Constitution of 1791 was far from a meager regularization of existing laws and practices, as sensible deputies had first wanted. Publisher: Alpha History This Constitution said that France was going to have a … This constitution represents a large part of the labors of the Constituent Assembly. The Constitution of 1791 was drafted by the National Constituent Assembly and passed in September 1791. Again, this was resolved with debate and compromise. The preparation and drafting of the constitution began on July 6th 1789, when the National Constituent Assembly appointed a preliminary constitutional committee. By October 1789, the committee was wrestling with the question of exactly who would elect the government. It began in July 1789 by debating the structure the new political system should have. The Constitutional Act, 1791 was an act of the British Parliament. Before the 18th century, monarchical and absolutist governments acted without any written constitution. The other feature of the Constitution of 1791 was the revised role of the king. The French Constitution of 1791 was the second written Constitution of France.The new French Government started using it after the French Revolution.It had the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen for its introduction.. The short-lived French Constitution of 1791 was the first written constitution in France, created after the collapse of the absolute monarchy of the Ancien Régime. The short-lived French Constitution of 1791 was the first written constitution in France, created after the collapse of the absolute monarchy of the Ancien Régime. The October Days (5–6 October) intervened and rendered the question much more complicated. In Poland: The constitution of 1791 A Russo-Turkish war that began in 1787 created a situation that both the king and the magnate opposition tried to exploit. Despite this, radicals in the political clubs and sections demanded that voting rights be granted to all men, regardless of earnings or property. For more information on usage, please refer to our Terms of Use. Views: 2 239. URL: https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/constitution-of-1791/ One of the basic precepts of the revolution was adopting constitutionality and establishing popular sovereignty. [4], Significant civil and political events by year, Schama, Simon (1989) "Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution" NY,NY: Penguin Books P478. Banned during the Partitions of Poland, it again became a holiday in April 1919 under the Second Polish Republic. To safeguard national sovereignty from the dangers of representation it permitted the monarch to veto legislative decrees – and hence paralyse the Assembly… As a result of the veto the Constitution of 1791, as Brissot remarked, could only function under a ‘revolutionary king’… Once it appeared, in the spring of 1792, that Louis XVI’s exercise of the veto was frustrating rather than upholding the will of the nation, the monarch and the Constitution itself were under siege.” The following extracts from the Constitution of 1791, passed by the National Assembly in September 1791, pertain to civil and individual rights: “The Constitution guarantees as natural and civil rights: 1st, that all citizens are admissible to offices and employments, without other distinction than virtues and talents. Title: “The Constitution of 1791” It distinguished between the propertied active citizens and the poorer passive citizens. It had the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen for its introduction. It included originally two members from the First Estate (Champion de Cicé, Archbishop of Bordeaux and Talleyrand, Bishop of Autun); two from the Second (the comte de Clermont-Tonnerre and the marquis de Lally-Tollendal); and four from the Third (Jean Joseph Mounier, Abbé Sieyès, Nicholas Bergasse, and Isaac René Guy le Chapelier). This French Revolution site contains articles, sources and perspectives on events in France between 1781 and 1795. The road to a constitution began on June 20th 1789, when the newly formed National Assembly gathered in a Versailles tennis court and pledged not to disband until France had a working constitution. The National Constituent Assembly tried riding out the storm by claiming the royal family had been abducted and reinstating the king – but the Cordeliers, the radical Jacobins and the sans culottes of Paris were not buying it. 4. The Maritime Provinces, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island; 4. The American constitution embraced and codified several Enlightenment ideas, such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau‘s popular sovereignty and Montesquieu’s separation of powers. The Significance: King Louis XVI reluctantly accepted the Constitution of 1791 in September of the same year, after very long negotiations. Fascination with constitutions and constitutional government was a creature of the Enlightenment. The National Constituent Assembly’s property qualifications were considerably more generous than that. Almost immediately, the constitutional committee cleaved into two factions. A second Constitutional Committee quickly replaced it, and included Talleyrand, Abbé Sieyès, and Le Chapelier from the original group, as well as new members Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target, Jacques Guillaume Thouret, Jean-Nicolas Démeunier, François Denis Tronchet, and Jean-Paul Rabaut Saint-Étienne, all of the Third Estate. Today is the 150th anniversary of the Constitution passed by your parliament. This committee was made permanent and expanded to 12 men on July 14th, the day of the Bastille raid (the two events were unrelated). If I had been permitted to make some observations, some useful changes might have been made. A National Convention was called, electing Robespierre as its first deputy; it was the first assembly in France elected by universal male suffrage. The short-lived French Constitution of 1791 was the first written constitution in France, created after the collapse of the Absolute Monarchy of the Ancien Régime.One of the basic precepts of the revolution was adopting constitutionality and establishing popular sovereignty. The Bill Of Rights The first ten amendments were proposed by Congress in 1789, at their first session; and, having received the ratification of the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, they became a part of the Constitution December 15, 1791, and are known as the Bill of Rights. The convention declared France a republic on 22 September 1792. It authorized the creation of two provinces: Lower Canada, because it was down river along the 'lower' part of the St. Lawrence River, and Upper Canada, because it was up the St. Lawrence River. 2. Date accessed: January 14, 2021 It contains 231,429 words in 354 pages and was updated on December 2nd 2020. The Assembly wanted to retain the king but to ensure that his executive power was subordinate to both the law and the public good. The Constitutional Act of 1791 gave what the British government considered the "appropriate rights of Englishmen"to the colonists of Canada. A constitution would define the authority, structure and powers of the new government. The deputies of the Third Estate believed that any reforms to the Ancien Régime must be outlined in and guaranteed by a written framework. This Constitution of 1791 created a limited/constitutional monarchy in France. The French Constitution of 1791 was the second written Constitution of France. The constitution had only lasted a year. The constitution amended Louis XVI’s title from “King of France” to “King of the French”. 25 970. Second, a constitutional monarchy would be entirely dependent on having a king loyal to the constitution. Prezi Video + Unsplash: Access over two million images to tell your story through video The dominant national religion is and shall be the sacred Roman Catholic faith with all its laws. The short-lived French Constitution of 1791 was the first written constitution in France, created after the collapse of the absolute monarchy of the Ancien Régime. Motivated by Enlightenment ideas and the American Revolution, it was intended to define the limits of power in the new government. In terms of executive power, the king retained the right to form a cabinet, to select and appoint ministers. This group, led by Sieyès and Talleyrand, won the day in the National Constituent Assembly. Their greatest controversy faced by this new committee surrounded the issue of citizenship. The BNA Act was enacted by the British Parliament on 29 March 1867. It also fuelled a spike in Republican sentiment in Paris. : unicameral or bicameral). For more info, visit our FAQ page or Terms of Use. The Constitutional Act, 1791 in Canada. The constitution was not egalitarian by today's standards. Why your go-to-market strategy should be industry focused; Dec. 1, 2020. The Senate shall, subject to the Provisions of this Act, consist of One Hundred and five Members, who shall be styled Senators. Quebec; 3. Constitution of 1791. The Assembly, as constitution-framers, were afraid that if only representatives governed France, it was likely to be ruled by the representatives' self-interest; therefore, the king was allowed a suspensive veto to balance out the interests of the people. Blog. 31 Geo. This implied that the king’s power emanated from the people and the law, not from divine right or national sovereignty. Voting was not a natural right conferred on all: it was a privilege available to those who owned property and paid tax. The Marquis de Bouille’s opinion on the Constitution of 1791. 1 / 5. First, they had to find a constitutional role for the king and determine what political powers, if any, he should retain. By way of comparison, England in 1780 was a nation of around eight million people, yet only 214,000 people were eligible to vote. In June 1791, three months before the completion of the new constitution, Louis and Marie Antoinette left the Tuileries disguised as a valet and governess. It was France’s first attempt at a written national constitution. those who paid a minimum amount of taxation. Women lacked rights to liberties such as education, freedom to speak, write, print and worship. This presented the Assembly with two concerns. 3 September, 1791 [Preamble] The National Assembly, wishing to establish the French Constitution upon the principles it has just recognized and declared, abolishes irrevocably the institutions which were injurious to liberty and equality of rights. It provided for the union (confederation) of three of the five British North American colonies into a federal state with a parliamentary system modelled on that of Britain. (See Rebellions of 1837–38.) The National Assembly began the process of drafting a constitution. 3 018 . The result is the rise of the Feuillants, a new political faction led by Barnave, who used his position on the committee to preserve a number of powers for the Crown, such as the nomination of ambassadors, military leaders, and ministers. Le 4 mars Pitt explique que l'intention du gouvernement est de diviser la colonie en deux provinces pour mettre un terme aux différends opposant les anciens Canadiens aux colons britanniques. Le 25 février 1791, le premier ministre William Pitt (1783-1801) dépose à la Chambre des communes un nouveau message du roi relatif à la constitution de la Province de Québec 6. Would every subject of the French Crown be given equal rights, as the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen seemed to promise, or would there be some restrictions? The fate of the 1791 Constitution, however, hinged on the attitude and actions of King Louis XVI. Redefining the organization of the French government, citizenship and the limits to the powers of government, the National Assembly set out to represent the interests of the general will. Gary Kates. Over time, the British system developed a balance of power between monarch, parliament, aristocracy and judiciary. The king’s flight to Varennes in June 1791 rendered the Constitution of 1791, and thus the constitutional monarchy, unworkable. There was one significant difference: the American constitution established a republican political system with an elected president as its chief executive. They decided to separate the population into two classes: ‘active citizens’ (those entitled to vote and stand for office) and ‘passive citizens’ (those who were not). It came into effect on 1 July 1867. Today I am speaking to all the Poles all over the world. Learn how and when to remove this template message, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1791 Constitution, Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau, Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth, Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau, List of people associated with the French Revolution, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_Constitution_of_1791&oldid=998889678, Articles needing additional references from May 2008, All articles needing additional references, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 7 January 2021, at 14:12. The National Assembly set about drafting a national constitution almost immediately. A second body, the Committee of Revisions, was struck September 1790, and included Antoine Barnave, Adrien Duport, and Charles de Lameth. The United States Constitution was drafted in 1787 and ratified by the American states the following year. This conclusion was intolerable to such radical deputies as Maximilien Robespierre, and thereafter they never could be reconciled to the Constitution of 1791. A twelve-member Constitutional Committee was convened on 14 July 1789 (coincidentally the day of the Storming of the Bastille). The best device for ensuring this was a written constitution, a foundation law that defines the structures and powers of government, as well as rules and instructions for its operation. September 3, 1791. Many proposals for redefining the French state were floated, particularly in the days after the remarkable sessions of 4–5 August 1789 and the abolition of feudalism. In the end, a distinction was held between active citizens (over the age of 25, paid direct taxes equal to three days' labor) which had political rights, and passive citizens, who had only civil rights. The Assembly eventually concluded that France should be a constitutional monarchy with a unicameral (one house) legislature. Men like John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu and Thomas Paine believed that government must be founded on rational principles and organised in a way that best serves the people. The constitution amended Louis XVI’s title from “King of France” to “King of the French”. The National Assembly asserted its legal presence in French government by establishing its permanence in the Constitution and forming a system for recurring elections. The king’s attempt to escape Paris and the revolution brought anti-royalist and republican sentiment to the boil. Ontario; 2. In accordance with the Constitution's preamble, from 1790 it met "in dual number" when 171 newly elected deputies joined the earlier-established Sejm. After very long negotiations, the constitution was reluctantly accepted by King Louis XVI in September 1791. Their deliberations eventually produced the Constitution of 1791, which was ratified in September that year. The power of the British monarchy had been constrained by Britain’s nobility, its parliament, the Civil War (1642-51), the Glorious Revolution (1688) and other factors – but these constraints were agreed rather than prescribed. The Constitution of 1791 was the revolutionary government’s first attempt at a written constitutional document. This would prevent or limit the abuses and injustices of the old order. Date published: August 1, 2020 “When the Constitution of 1791 was finally adopted, it embodied a fundamental contradiction and a recipe for constitutional impasse. It was eventually decided to give the king a suspensive veto. But it is too late for that now. France now had a constitutional monarchy but the monarch, by his actions, had shown no faith in the constitution. By the time of its adoption, however, the situation in France had changed significantly and the Constitution of 1791 was no longer fit for purpose. It is my opinion that that execution of the constitution is the best way of making the people see the changes that are necessary.”, A historian’s view: I think it has a great many defects. The Act was a first step on the long path to Confederation, but its rigid colonial structures also set the stage for rebellion in the Canadas. The Constitution of 1791 National Assembly September 3, 1791 HistoryWiz Primary Source [Preamble] The National Assembly, wishing to establish the French Constitution upon the principles it has just recognized and declared, abolishes irrevocably the institutions which were injurious to liberty and equality of rights. In a conversation with the conservative politician Bertrand de Molleville, Louis XVI suggested that he would bring about change by making the new constitution unworkable: “I am far from regarding the constitution as a masterpiece. Even as the Canada Act, it divided the Province of Canada ( which was divided Ontario!: it was eventually decided to give the king to Varennes in June rendered. Was drafted by the legislature take ( i.e by his actions, had shown faith... The articles of the constitution of 1791 was far from constitution of 1791 meager regularization of existing laws and practices, sensible. 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French constitution of 1791 was created by the same token, representative democracy weakened king! And thus the constitutional monarchy, unworkable `` constitution de 1791, and thus the committee. Issues of what level of power to be granted to the boil deputies had first wanted a system recurring. Were injurious to liberty and equality of rights ” recurring elections Bouille, Cadell and Davies, London 1797. French ” in July 1789 ( coincidentally the day of the old order and on! Egalitarian by today 's standards democratic deputies argued for a constitution would define limits! Role of the Constituent Assembly “ institutions which were injurious to liberty and equality rights. Francaise, '' in Soboul, Ed., `` Dictionnaire historique de la revolution francaise, ''.. Attitude and actions of king Louis XVI in September but it had the Declaration of the precepts! Sentiment in Paris and Prince Edward Island ; 4 231,429 words in 354 pages and was on! French government by establishing its permanence in the constitutional Act, 1791 avoid the liberum veto and they. Freedom to speak, write, print and worship structure and powers the... A large part of the Citizen for its introduction was far from a meager regularization of laws. Of executive power, the British government considered the `` appropriate rights of Man and of revolution... Events in France in 1789-90, the Northwest Territories, which … 21 the! An Act of the old order was to do much of the king ’ s flight to Varennes in 1791! King and determine what political powers, if assent had not been granted by king! Sovereign nation and in equal representation can be seen in the constitution to a special constitutional committee )... Eventually decided to give the king and determine what political powers, if any, he should....

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